Notes on The Khanate of Khiva

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The Khanate of Khiva was also known as Kwarezm
As Kwarezm it ruled Persian and central Asia until it started a war with Cingis Qan.
1218/1219: "Shah Mohammed of Khwarezm, which was an empire encompassing Afghanistan, present-day Persia, and Turkestan, that is the area between the Aral Sea and the Caspian, secretly ordered the murder of a caravan of Mongol merchants sent by Chingis Khan to the city of Otrar. Chingis Khan responded by sending an envoy, giving Mohammed the choice between handing Otrar's governor Inalchuq over to the Mongols, or accepting war. This envoy was put to death, and war was declared." Mongol history and chronology from ancient times
1219: Mongols defeat 400,00 man Khwarezm army but fail to capture the Khwarezm Shah. Mongol history and chronology from ancient times
"A military offensive against Khiva was launched in the spring of 1873 from several directions, under the governor-general von Kaufman. Khiva was captured in 29 may and the khan, Sayid Muhammad Rahim II, surrender." Khanate of Khiva 1511-1920
"A peace treaty signed on 12 August 1873 established the status of the Khanate as a Russian protectorate. The Khan declared himself the "obedient servant" of the Russian emperor, and all territories of the Khanate on the right bank of the Amu Darya River were annexed to Russia. The subjugation of the Khanate had little effect on the internal affairs of the country , in which Russia interfered only in order to put down several Turkmen " Khanate of Khiva 1511-1920
"On May 8, 1873 the Orenburg Column marched into the city of Kungrad, the most important settlement in the northern part of the khanate. Muhammad Rahim's forces had abandoned the town only hours before." Hinson, The Fall of Khiva.
1873 - "The armed forces of Khiva were in such a state of antiquity that the most effective fighting force fielded by the khanate were the semi-nomadic Yomud Turcomen, who were vassals to Muhammad Rahim." Hinson, The Fall of Khiva.
1873 - When General Kauffman approached Khiva Muhammad Rahim had fled to the Yomud Turcomen. Hinson, The Fall of Khiva.
"A peace treaty was finally signed on August 12, 1873. Blocked by his government from annexing the khanate, Kaufman managed to force the Khan to cede all of his lands north of the Amu Darya to the conquerors. Furthermore, the Russians obtained the right of residence, the right to trade tax-free in Khiva, and an indemnity of 202 million rubles to be paid over a twenty year period." Hinson, The Fall of Khiva.
"On July 7, Major General Golovachev was sent into Yomud territory, located west of Khiva, with eight infantry companies, eight sotnias of Cossacks, a battery each of guns and rockets, and two mitrailleuses which had been dragged to Khiva by the Tashkent Column. The savagery with which the Yomud Turcomen were punished over the next two weeks came from the Governor-General himself. In his orders to Golovachev, Kaufman stated that the general was to give over the Yomud settlements, and their families, to complete destruction. If the soldiery met any resistance at all, the troops were to "exterminate" the opposition. The resulting slaughter spared neither age nor sex as the Russians, and especially the Cossacks, "rushed about like madmen"." Hinson, The Fall of Khiva.
Late 1873 "Short of money for the return to Tashkent, Kaufman ordered the other Turcomen tribes in Khivan territory to pay their shares of the fine, some 301,000 rubles. Becoming somewhat more reasonable, he allowed them to pay half the sum in camels and the other half in either coin or gold or silver jewelry and other objects. They were given from July 21 to August 2 to pay. The punishment of the Yomuds had its desired effect on the other Turcomen bands. At the deadline, some 92,000 rubles had been collected, and as there was evidence of intent to pay, Kaufman allowed an indefinite extension to the payment deadline. To insure full payment, he took 26 hostages from among the families of Turcomen notables." Hinson, The Fall of Khiva.
After the fall of Khiva the Russian army slaughtered Yomud Turkmen tribe in 1873.Ogata Resource Treasure-trove