Southwest Asia Time Line

1500 to Now

I just wanted to lay out my notes in an easier format so I decided to try a time lime. What you see is not a finished product but rather a framework to build upon. While it may touch on many areas I am focusing on Persia, Turkey, India, and Turan. The file got too large so I split it into two Time Lines. For pre 1500 see:

Southwest Asia Time Line Before 1500

1500	The Shaybanid Uzbeks capture Samarkand under Muhammad Shaybani Khan (1451-1510), thus taking over Turan (Transoxiana) from the Timurids. - (W. 3)
Early 16th century	Early 16th century saw the beginning of decline in trade in overland Persian/Turkish routes. Wagstaff Landscapes Page 189. - (W. 4) "In the early sixteenth century, the Turkmen "were concentrated in four main regions: along the southeastern coast of the Caspian Sea, on the Mangyshlak Peninsula (on the northeastern Caspian coast), around the Balkan Mountains, and along the Uzboy River running across north-central Turkmenistan". Library of Congress: Turkmenistan Formation of the Turkmen Nation March 1996 "Many scholars regard the fourteenth through the sixteenth centuries as the period of the reformulation of the Turkmen into the tribal groups that exist today. " Library of Congress: Turkmenistan Formation of the Turkmen Nation March 1996 "Beginning in the sixteenth century and continuing into the nineteenth century, large tribal conglomerates and individual groups migrated east and southeast." Library of Congress: Turkmenistan Formation of the Turkmen Nation March 1996 "Beginning in the sixteenth century, most of the Turkmen tribes were divided among two Uzbek principalities: the Khanate (or amirate) of Khiva (centered along the lower Amu Darya in Khorazm) and the Khanate of Bukhoro (Bukhara)." Library of Congress: Turkmenistan Formation of the Turkmen Nation March 1996 "Uzbek khans and princes of both khanates customarily enlisted Turkmen military support in their intra- and inter-khanate struggles and in campaigns against the Persians. Consequently, many Turkmen tribes migrated closer to the urban centers of the khanates, which came to depend heavily upon the Turkmen for their military forces." Library of Congress: Turkmenistan Formation of the Turkmen Nation March 1996 (16th century) "The Yomut split into eastern and western groups, while the Teke moved into the Akhal region along the Kopetdag Mountains and gradually into the Murgap River basin. The Salor tribes migrated into the region near the Amu Darya delta in the oasis of Khorazm south of the Aral Sea, the middle course of the Amu Darya southeast of the Aral Sea, the Akhal oasis north of present-day Ashgabat and areas along the Kopetdag bordering Iran, and the Murgap River in present-day southeast Turkmenistan." Library of Congress: Turkmenistan Formation of the Turkmen Nation March 1996
1501-07	The Timurid/Shaybanid War - The last Timurid Princes including Babur, Badi'Uzman Mirza and Soltan Hosayn Mirza Bayqara wage a doomed effort to hold their ancestral lands in Turan against the Uzbeks under Muhammad Shaybani Khan. Grousset, Empire. Page 464 - 465.. - (W. 5)
1502	The Golden Horde collapses and is absorbed into the Crimean Tatar Khanate. - (W. 3) Ismail Safavi establishes the Safavid dynasty in Persia. - (W. 3) Ismail Safavi declares twelver form of Shiaism as the official state religion of Persia. Wagstaff Landscapes, Page 205.
1502
1504	Babur becomes King in Kabul. Rawlinson, INDIAN ART. Page 39.
1506	The Shaybanid Uzbeks capture Bukhara.
1507	The Shaybanid Uzbeks drive Badi'Uzman Mirza out of Herat, bringing to an end the Timurid dynasty. Grousset, Empire. Page 465. The Portuguese under Afonso de Albuquerque seized Ormuz starting 150 years of Portuguese involvement in Oman. Babur observed that Bihzad painted "extremely delicately" but did not paint beardless faces well but that he did well with bearded faces. May - June 1507 Babur also observed that Shaybanid Uzbek Wormwood Khan (Muhammad Shaybani Khan) after taking Herat behaved so badly that he took a pen and corrected the painting of Bihzad. About May - June 1507.Baburnama quatrain 181
1508	The Safavids defeat the Aq Qoyunlu and cement their hold on Azerbaijan.
1510	Battle of Merv. The remaining Timurid Princes ally with the Safavid Persians under Ismail Safavi and defeat the Shaybanid Horde at Merv. Muhammad Shaybani Khan is killed. Defeat results in Khorasan including Herat up to the Firoz Kohi ridge going to the Safavid Persians and Central Asia in particular Samarkand and Bukhara going to the Uzbeks.
1511	Badi'Uzman Mirza goes to Istanbul with the Ottoman army after their occupation of Tabriz.
1512	Salim (the Grim) I 1512-1520, Sultan of Turkey.
1514	1514 Battle of Chaldiran. The Ottoman Turks defeated the Shah Ismail and the Safavi army through the use of artillery. This battle established a period of overwhelming Military superiority for the Ottoman over the Safavi. This gave the Ottoman the control of the high plateau of Eastern Anatolia which gave the Ottoman a naturally defensible eastern border. At this point Salim closed the border to the Persian silk trade which was Persia's main source of foreign exchange. Kinross Ottoman Centuries. Page 167 Soudavar suggests that Badi'Uzman Mirza was at the court of Ismail Safavi in 1514 and then went to the court of Salim I where he died shortly afterwards. Soudavar, APC. Page 122 note 24.
Circa 1515	New Trade Partners after Chaldiran. After Chaldiran Persia focused more on China and India as trading partners. Kinross, Ottoman Centuries. Page 229 - 230
1517	The Ottomans seize Egypt defeating the Mamluks.

1520	Suleiman1520 -1566, becomes the Ottoman Sultan.
1520 (circa)	Plate 42: The Sleep of Rustam Circa 1520 Prince Drinking Wine. Herat Circa 1520
1522	Shah Tahmasp returned to Tabriz from Herat in 1522. Soudavar, APC. Page 164 Babur seizes Kandahar. Ottoman Sultan Sulaiman conquers the Island of Rhodes.
1524	Shah Tahmasp (r. 1524-1576),succeeds his father Ismail Safavi as Shah of Persia.
1526	Babur defeats Ibrahim Lodhi at Panipat and captures Delhi and founds an empire that we know as the Moghul Empire. His battlefield success was attributable to use of cannon and matchlock combined with mounted archery charges against larger armies who lacked firearms. Rawlinson, INDIAN ART. Page 41. At Kanua Babur crushes the Rajputs by the use of cannon and matchlock combined with mounted archery charges. Rawlinson, INDIAN ART. Page 41. Babur then dies and is succeeded by his son Humayun.
1530 (circa)	Plate 62: Portrait of the Prince Two Safavid Princes or A self-portrait? Plate 63: Portrait of a Prince Youth and Old Age Tabriz circa 1530 Margin illustrations from the "Golestan of Sa'di" attributed to a Persian Artist Aqa Mirak. Circa 1530 The Jewel-tree, circa 1530 from Shah Tahmasp's Shahnama, Tabriz, c.1530
1533	The unusual multi peaked hat draped with cloth seen in early Mughal paintings was introduced by Humayun in 1533. Blair and Bloom Pp. 287. Ivan IV, "The Terrible" (r. 1533-1584). Paksoy, Crimean Tatars
1534	Grand Vizier Ibrahim enters Tabriz the Safavid capital in the summer of 1534. In October Sulaiman The Magnificent joins the army under Ibrahim and jointly they take Baghdad. In 1535 they sacked Tabriz and headed home. Tabriz was occupied by the Ottoman from 1534 to 1536. Reid, Tribalism and Society. Page 115. 1534 Hosayn Khan-e Shamlu attempted to overthrow Shah Tahmasp and put his brother Sam Mirza on the throne of Persia with the help and connivance of the Ottoman Turks. Soudavar, APC. Page 154.
1536 - 1537	Nizami's Khamsa was produced 1536 - 1537 Blair and Bloom Pp. 170. Bihzad died 1536-37 Blair and Bloom Pp. 63.
1539	Sher Khan Lodi defeated Humayun at Chausa
1540	Sher Khan Lodi defeated Humayun at Kanauj Sher Khan Lodi takes the throne of Delhi and the name Sher Shah.
1543-44	Soltan Ibrahim Mirza son of Prince Bahram born. Welch and Welch Islamic Book.. page 100
1544	Humayun crossed over into Safavid Persia and gain the backing of Shah Tahmasp Safavi Shahinshah of Persia after converting to Shia Islam.
1545-53	Humayun entered the Mughal empire with an army. This started a 8 year war that finally resulted in Humayan entering Kabul as undisputed leader in 1553. At this point Humayun had his brother Kamran blinded and the court of Kamran was gone forever. Humayun ruled until his death in 1556.
1549	In 1549 Duust Mohammad traveled to t he court of Kamran king of Kabul. Welch, Wonders of the Age. Page 194.
1550	Shamse, Kabul, Circa 1550 Prince Bahram dies. Welch and Welch Islamic Book.. page 96
1552	Ivan the Terrible brings the Kazan Khanate under Russian control. "Muscovite conquest of Kazan (1552)" Paksoy, Crimean Tatars
1554	Akbar absorbs Gujarat in 1554. Rawlinson, INDIAN ART. Page 35.
1555	Tahmasp moves Capitol to Qazvin 1555 Blair and Bloom Pp. 165 1555 Treaty of Amasiye makes peace between Ottoman and Safavids. Soudavar, APC. Page 164. Pastoral Scene Shiraz circa 1550 - 1560 In 1555 Humayun recovered the throne of Delhi from Sher Khan Lodi.
1556	Ivan the Terrible seizes Astrakhan and wrests Astrakhan from Ottoman Turkish control.
1557	Abdullah Khan II (1533-98) - last and greatest Shaybanid ruler in Bukhara. Abdullah Khan II gained control of the Shaybanid Ulus with the backing of the Sufi Shaykh Kwaja Sa'd al-Din Juybari. Blair and Bloom Pp. 201. A group of Uzbeks Khans stopped in Mashad on their way to Shah Tahmasp's court in Qazvin. There was apparently a good bit of travel and exchange. Picture of an Uzbek Khan in Mashad Plate 64: The Officer's Portrait
1560 (circa)	A youth talking with a man. Shiraz Circa 1560 Iskandar and Nushabeh. Shiraz Circa 1560
1562	1562 - Exiled French Prince Jean Philippe Bourbon de Navarre and his Armenian wife Juliana found the first Armenian Church in India in 1562 at Agra. Reinhart Timeline
1562 - 1577	The Master Spy Escapes c. 1562 - 1577
1564	First Known painting by Abdullah . Simpson, Haft Awrang Page 304.
1565 (circa)	Plate 57: Portrait of a Young Woman Seated Princess Rustem meeting Kay Qubad Shiraz, 1560-70
1565	In 1565 Akbar had a small fort built by the Sultan of Delhi Iskandar Lodi knocked down and a larger fort and the town of Akbarabad was built. Agra was the sometime Mughal capitol after that point. Tillotson Mughal India. Page 71 - 72.
1566	Salim II 1566-1574, becomes Sultan of the Ottoman empire.1566 Sulaiman The Magnificent dies and Salim II succeeds him. 1566 Sulaiman The Magnificent dies and Salim II succeeds him. In 1567 Shah Tahmasp sent a delegation with treasure including the Welch/Dickson Shahnameh. Soudavar, APC. Page 164.

1567	In 1567 Shah Tahmasp gives his Great Shahnama to Salim II 1567. Blair and Bloom Pp. 168. This is the same Shahnama as the Welch/Dickson Shahnameh.
1570 (circa)	Plate 67: The Lovers Portrait of a Seated Flautist. The Prophet Elias Rescuing Nur ad-Dahr from the Sea, From the Hamza-nama ascribed to Mir Sayyid Ali, circa 1570
1571	Akbar begins a Mosque and Imperial palace at Fatehpur Sikri. Tillotson Mughal India. Page 103 The Crimean Tatars conducted the last raid on Moscow in 1571. Paksoy, Crimean Tatars
1574	Ivan IV enthroned Simeon Bekbulatovich a Chinggisid "Tsar" in Moscow in 1574. Paksoy, Crimean Tatars
1575 (circa)	Fete Champetre Shiraz circa 1575
1576	Akbar defeated the Rajputs at Haldighat.
	Soltan Ibrahim Mirza is murdered at the order of his cousin Shah Ismail II.
1580 (circa)	The Williams Medallion and Animal Carpet Fragment Elephants, Rhinoceroses, and Camels Isfandiyar Hunting Lions" By Miskin, From The Shahnama of Firdausi. Northern India, 1580 - 1585 Fighting Elephants Fatehpur Sikri
1583	Plate 70: Ustad Abdollah
1585 (circa)	Solomon Enthroned, Shiraz, circa 1580 -1590
	"Two Fighting Camels" by Abd as-Samad. Mughal India, circa 1585.
	Farruhk Beg was a Mongol artist who was with artists who had been in the atelier of Ibrahim Mirza in Khorasan until 1585. He spent 1585 to 1600 at the atelier of Akbar.
	Autumn 1585 Akbar leaves Fatehpur Sikri not to return. Tillotson Mughal India. Page 105
1586	1586 Akbar returns from Punjab campaign but makes the northern city of Lahore his capitol.. Tillotson Mughal India. Page 105
1587	Sadiqi Beg named head of Shah Abbas's library. Welch and Welch Islamic Book.. page 100
	Farrokh Beg went to the Mughal court late in 1587. Simpson, Haft Awrang Page 123 Note 9.
1588	Abdullah Khan II Uzbek Khan took Herat, Sabzavar, Isfarain, Tebes, and Mashad holding them until 1597.Grousset, Empire. Page 485.. or 1598.Soudavar, plate 217.
1590	The Ottoman defeat the Safavids in a 12 year war a 12 year war which resulted in Persia ceding Georgia, Azerbaijan, Shirvan Tabriz, and other provinces to Sulaiman Sultan of the Ottoman. The Widener Mughal Animal Carpet Lahore circa 1590, National Gallery of Art. "Buffaloes In Combat" by Miskin. Circa 1590 - 1595, Metropolitan Museum Of Art. "The Raven Addresses the Assembled Animals" by Miskin. Circa 1590. British Museum, London. "Painters And Calligraphers Working" an illustration from Ahklaq-i-Nasiri, Lahore Circa 1590
1593 (circa)	The Salting Carpet - Uzbek Herat In the late 16th century Ottoman Sultans began to unseat and replace Crimean Tatar khans who were a problem and the name of the Ottoman sultan was read at the Friday prayer. Paksoy, Crimean Tatars
	The Turkmen Prisoner- 1590 - 1600 Signed by Farrukh Beg.
1595	Muhammad III 1595-1603 becomes Sultan of Turkey. Plate 72 Animals in Combat (Khorasan c1595)
1598	Baqi Muhammad Bahadur, Khan 1598-1605 establishes the Astrakhanid dynasty in the Khanate of Bukhara. Akbar moves his capitol south to Agra. Tillotson Mughal India. Page 103 Abbas Safavi defeats Abdullah Khan II near Herat and fees Khorasan from the Uzbeks. Grousset, Empire. Page 485..

1600 (circa)	Encampment with Camels Herat circa 1600 The Berlin Spiral Tendril Carpet, Mughal India Circa 1600 Armenians of New Julfa had the silk monopoly under Shah Abbas I. Blair and Bloom Pp. 176. Farruhk Beg spent 1585 to 1600 at the atelier of Akbar. Farruhk Beg was downsized in 1600 in the same design shift in which Miskin fell out of favor. He was in the Deccan until 1608 In 1600 Europe still received 60 percent of it's pepper and 50 percent of it's other spices and medicine through the Levant. Wagstaff Landscapes Page 198. Abbas Safavi creates a slave army of Caucasians and Armenians This allows him to offset the power of the Kizilbash tribes. Wagstaff Landscapes, Page 205.
1605	Page from The Bustan of Sa'di by Abdorrahim al-Heravi, Agra (India), 1605
	1605 - Shah Abbas moves Armenians from Armenia to New Julfa and destroys what he can of Armenia to thwart the advancing a Ottoman Army. Reinhart Timeline
1608	Farruhk Beg returns from the Deccan to the Mughal court.
1628	Shah Jahan (r. 1628 AD - 1658 AD) succeeds his father Jahangir as Mughal Padishah.
1630 (circa)	The Textile Museum Mughal Fighting Elephant Fragment Lahore India, circa 1630
1630	1630 the Kalmuqs drive the Turkmen out of Mangyshlak . Krader, Central Asia. Page 84.
1632	Fighting Elephants Lahore Fort
1634	The Girdlers' Carpet, Lahore 1634
	Construction was begun for the Red Fort at Shahjahanabad in 1638. (Tillotson Mughal India. Page 55)
1649	Treaty of Zuhab the Ottoman empire surrendered the Transcaucasus to the Safavids who controlled it until the Afghan invasion (1722). At this point Chukhur - eSa'd became the Khanate of Erevan. Bounoutian, Khanate of Erevan . Page 3.
1648	Red Fort at Shahjahanabad (Old Delhi) ready for occupancy. Tillotson Mughal India. Page 55
mid 17th century	In the mid 17th century the Crimean Khan entered into a treaty with Poland against Muscovy. Paksoy, Crimean Tatars
1672	With the acquisition of Crete in 1672 and Podolia in 1672 the Ottoman empire ceased to expand and began a gradual path of collapse and decay. Wagstaff Landscapes, Page 198.
1680	Turkmen and Trukhmens split in 1680 with the Trukhmens moving into the North Caucasus. Krader, Central Asia. Page 58.
late seventeenth century	"Historical sources indicate the existence of a large tribal union often referred to as the Salor confederation in the Mangyshlak Peninsula and areas around the Balkan Mountains. The Salor were one of the few original Oghuz tribes to survive to modern times. In the late seventeenth century, the union dissolved and the three senior tribes moved eastward and later southward." Library of Congress: Turkmenistan Formation of the Turkmen Nation March 1996
	Afghan invasion of Persia (1722). Bounoutian, Khanate of Erevan . Page 3.
18th and 19th centuries	In the 18th and 19th centuries the Turkmen gained power as the Persians lost power in the region. Krader, Central Asia. Page 97.
1718	First Russian expedition to Khiva is massacred in Khiva. Hopkirk, Peter. The Great Game. Page 18.
1722	Treaty between the Karakalpaks and Emperor Peter the Great in 1722. Almanach de Bruxelles Karakalpak, Uzbekistan

1724	Peter the Great invades the Eastern Transcaucasus. Bounoutian, Khanate of Erevan . Page 4.
	Ottoman Turkey invades the Western Transcaucasus. Bounoutian, Khanate of Erevan . Page 4.
1736	Nadir Shah Afshari 1736 - 1747 becomes Shah of Iran and takes back the Transcaucasus. Bounoutian, Khanate of Erevan . Page 4.
1739	1739 Russians build fortress at Orenburg to control the Kazakh hordes. Hopkirk, Peter. The Great Game. Page 18.
1739	1739 Nadir Shah sacks Delhi at the head of 16,000 Pathans. Hopkirk, Peter. The Great Game. Page 69. I think Pathan might be inaccurate since I think the army drew mostly Afshar (Afghan Kizilbash) and Western Pashtuns. JBOC
1743	"The height of Turkmen influence in the affairs of their sedentary neighbors came in the eighteenth century, when on several occasions (1743, 1767-70), the Yomut invaded and controlled Khorazm" Library of Congress: Turkmenistan Formation of the Turkmen Nation March 1996
1750	Erevan and Ganja become tributaries of the Kingdom of Georgia under king Erekle II 1747 - 17989. Bounoutian, Khanate of Erevan . Page 7.
1757	The Qing defeated the Mongol Jungars in 1757 and extended the Chinese empire to Lake Balkash. Dickens, Soviets in Xinjiang
	Catherine II r. 1762-1796married to Peter (Peter III) Paksoy, Crimean Tatars
1767	The Yomut captured Khiva in 1767. Khanate of Khiva 1511-1920
1770	"In 1770 Muhammad Amin Inaq, the chief of Qongrats, defeated the Yomuts and established his authority in the Khanate.He became the founder of a new Qongrat dynasty of Khivan rulers." Khanate of Khiva 1511-1920
1771	"In 1771, the Qing dynasty unsuccessfully sought to bring the khan of the Kazakh Great Horde into a vassal relationship to the emperor." Dickens, Soviets in Xinjiang
1773	Russo-Ottoman war of 1773- 74 ended by treaty of Kucuk Kaynarja in 1774. The Crimean Khanate was freed from Ottoman rule. Paksoy, Crimean Tatars "In 1773 Catherine had instructed the Holy Synod to issue a "toleration of All Faiths" edict." Paksoy, Crimean Tatars
1783	Kingdom of Georgia becomes a Czarist Protectorate under Treaty of Georgieevsk. Russian troops enter Georgia. Bounoutian, Khanate of Erevan . Page 7.
1787 - 1792	Russo-Turkish War 1887 - 1792.
1796	Agha Mohammad Khan captures the former Safavid Possessions in the Transcaucasus and conducts a massacre and takes slaves in Tiflis. The becomes the first Qajar Shah of Persia. Bounoutian, Khanate of Erevan . Page 7.
1796	Katherine The Great seizes Derbend, Qubah, and Baqu in 1796. Gammer. Shamil and Chechnia .

1797 - 1834	Qajar Shah Fath Ali Shah 1797 - 1834. Bounoutian, Khanate of Erevan . Page xxiv - xxv.
1801	Czar Alexander annexes Georgia. Hopkirk, Peter. The Great Game. Page 32.
	Bounoutian, Khanate of Erevan . Page 32 Note 3
1805	Czarist Russia annexes Kazak, Shams od din, and Borchalu in 1805. Bounoutian, Khanate of Erevan . Page 32 Note 3
1811	In 1811, the Karakalpaks become vassals of the Khans of Khiva and Kungrad. Almanach de Bruxelles Karakalpak, Uzbekistan
1812	Citing Ousley population of Erevan was 13 - 14,00 - in 1812. Bounoutian, Khanate of Erevan . Page 49 - W. 4
1819	In 1819 the Turkmen between the Caspian and Khiva were under the control of Persia. Hopkirk, Peter. The Great Game. Page 84. - W. 3
1828	Erevan was the last territory seized by the Czarist Russians in the Transcaucasus in 1828. Bounoutian, Khanate of Erevan . Page 47. - W. 4
1820 to 1828	Aqtaghlik rebellion1820 to 1828 led by Jahangir who was trying to free Altishahr as the Tarim Basin was then known. Dickens, Soviets in Xinjiang
1828	Persia agreed by treaty that Armenians were free to return to Armenia now that it was in Czarist hands. Hopkirk, Peter. The Great Game. Page 112. - W. 4
1830 - 1859	First Russo/Chechen war. Gammer. Shamil and Chechnia and Daghestan - W. 5
1833	In 1833 there was a section of Kabul known as he "Armenian Quarter". Hopkirk, Peter. The Great Game. Page 169.
1834 - 1846	"Between 1834 and 1846, Perovsky had pushed Russian outposts down the east coast of the Caspian Sea to Fort Novo-Aleksandrovskoe on Komsomolets Bay". Hinson, Steppe of Central Asia
1842	The Emir of Bukhara executes two British spies and agent provocateurs Col. Stoddart's and Col. Connolly. Hopkirk, Peter. The Great Game. Page 1. - W. 4
1848	Hamze Mirza besieged Mashad in 1848.
1855-6	"After the Crimean War (1855-6), the Russian empire sought to expel, and indeed induced by force, large numbers of Tatars from Crimea, on the ground that the Tatars sided with the invading allied forces. Hundreds of thousands migrated to the Ottoman domains, to Dobruja, located West of the Black Sea. Portions of the emigrants went directly to Istanbul." Paksoy, Crimean Tatars The Tekke defeated the Khan of Khiva at Sarahks in 1855. This allowed the Tekke to occupy the Sarrahks region. It also set off 12 years of Turkmen rebellion against the Khiva Khanate. Khanate of Khiva 1511-1920 "From 1855 to 1867, a series of Yomut rebellions again shook the area. These hostilities and the punitive raids by Uzbek rulers resulted in the wide dispersal of the eastern Yomut group." Library of Congress: Turkmenistan Formation of the Turkmen Nation March 1996
1858	Majority of Turkmen subjugated by 1858 Spuler, Bertold. The Mongols in History. Page 123 - W. 3
1834 - 1846	"Between 1834 and 1846, Perovsky had pushed Russian outposts down the east coast of the Caspian Sea to Fort Novo-Aleksandrovskoe on Komsomolets Bay". Hinson, The Fall of Khiva.
1869	"(A)n 1869 expedition from Port Perovsk (Makhachkala) crossed the Caspian Sea and established outposts at Krasnovodsk and Chikishlar. From the former, reconnaissance missions were sent into the Turcomen lands to the east." Hinson, The Fall of Khiva. 1869, the Russians had built a fortress on the Caspian Sea at Krasnovodsk (Turkmen-Bashi).Ogata Resource Treasure-trove "(A)n 1869 expedition from Port Perovsk (Makhachkala) crossed the Caspian Sea and established outposts at Krasnovodsk and Chikishlar. From the former, reconnaissance missions were sent into the Turcomen lands to the east." Hinson, Steppe of Central Asia Afghanistan: Sher Ali Khan receives the British at Ambala 1869 Afghanistan: 6th Earl of Mayo with Sher Ali Khan at Ambala 1869
1871 - 1872	"East of Khiva, the Kyzyl Kum north of Bokhara was surveyed and explored by small detachments during 1871 and 1872. Similar missions were performed by troops from Orenburg between Emba and the Aral Sea." Hinson, The Fall of Khiva.

1873 1873 1873	"A military offensive against Khiva was launched in the spring of 1873 from several directions, under the governor-general von Kaufman. Khiva was captured in 29 may and the khan, Sayid Muhammad Rahim II, surrender." Khanate of Khiva 1511-1920 "A peace treaty signed on 12 August 1873 established the status of the Khanate as a Russian protectorate. The Khan declared himself the "obedient servant" of the Russian emperor, and all territories of the Khanate on the right bank of the Amu Darya River were annexed to Russia. The subjugation of the Khanate had little effect on the internal affairs of the country , in which Russia interfered only in order to put down several Turkmen " Khanate of Khiva 1511-1920 "On May 8, 1873 the Orenburg Column marched into the city of Kungrad, the most important settlement in the northern part of the khanate. Muhammad Rahim's forces had abandoned the town only hours before." Hinson, The Fall of Khiva. 1873 - "The armed forces of Khiva were in such a state of antiquity that the most effective fighting force fielded by the khanate were the semi-nomadic Yomut Turcomen, who were vassals to Muhammad Rahim." Hinson, The Fall of Khiva. 1873 - When General Kauffman approached Khiva Muhammad Rahim had fled to the Yomut Turcomen. Hinson, The Fall of Khiva. "A peace treaty was finally signed on August 12, 1873. Blocked by his government from annexing the khanate, Kaufman managed to force the Khan to cede all of his lands north of the Amu Darya to the conquerors. Furthermore, the Russians obtained the right of residence, the right to trade tax-free in Khiva, and an indemnity of 202 million rubles to be paid over a twenty year period." Hinson, The Fall of Khiva. "On July 7, Major General Golovachev was sent into Yomut territory, located west of Khiva, with eight infantry companies, eight sotnias of Cossacks, a battery each of guns and rockets, and two mitrailleuses which had been dragged to Khiva by the Tashkent Column. The savagery with which the Yomut Turcomen were punished over the next two weeks came from the Governor-General himself. In his orders to Golovachev, Kaufman stated that the general was to give over the Yomut settlements, and their families, to complete destruction. If the soldiery met any resistance at all, the troops were to "exterminate" the opposition. The resulting slaughter spared neither age nor sex as the Russians, and especially the Cossacks, "rushed about like madmen"." Hinson, The Fall of Khiva. Late 1873 "Short of money for the return to Tashkent, Kaufman ordered the other Turcomen tribes in Khivan territory to pay their shares of the fine, some 301,000 rubles. Becoming somewhat more reasonable, he allowed them to pay half the sum in camels and the other half in either coin or gold or silver jewelry and other objects. They were given from July 21 to August 2 to pay. The punishment of the Yomuts had its desired effect on the other Turcomen bands. At the deadline, some 92,000 rubles had been collected, and as there was evidence of intent to pay, Kaufman allowed an indefinite extension to the payment deadline. To insure full payment, he took 26 hostages from among the families of Turcomen notables." Hinson, The Fall of Khiva. "In 1873, Karakalpak was annexed by the Russian Empire." Almanach de Bruxelles Karakalpak, Uzbekistan After the fall of Khiva the Russian army slaughtered Yomut Turkmen tribe in 1873.Ogata Resource Treasure-trove
1879	N. Simakov travels in Central Asia and makes oldest known Illustrations of Turkman carpets. Turkoman Studies I. page 1. - W. 4 1869, the Russians had built a fortress on the Caspian Sea at Krasnovodsk (Turkmen-Bashi).Ogata Resource Treasure-trove
1881	Final Turkmen subjugated by 1881. Spuler, Bertold. The Mongols in History. Page 123 * note. - W. 4 Gen. Michael Skobelev, commander of Krasnovodsk fort transported 11,000 Russian troops to Goktepe on their newly built railway. Goktepe fell to the Russians in 1881. Gen. Michael Skobelev allowed his men to execute 8,000 men women children and even babies. They used bayonets on the babies. Ogata Resource Treasure-trove
1918	In the spring of 1918 the khanate fell into hands of the Yomut chief Junaid Khan.In January 1920 Junaid Khan was overthrown by Soviet troops , who had invaded the khanate assisted by Uzbek and Turkmen opposition to Junaid Khan. Pankratov, Khanate of Khiva 1511-1920
1925	In 1925, Karakalpak became an autonomous republic Almanach de Bruxelles Karakalpak, Uzbekistan
1928	On September2, 1928 King Amanullah convened a Loya Jirgah and ordered European style dress. Afghanistan_Loya_Jirgah_September_2_1928